Proportional Integral Derivative Control in Spark Plasma Sintering Simulations

Predictive feedback control: an alternative to proportional–integral–derivative control

Even though employed widely in industrial practice, the popular proportional– integral–derivative (PID) controller has weaknesses that limit its achievable performance. In this paper, an alternative control scheme that combines the simplicity of the PID controller with the versatility of model predictive control is presented. The result is a controller that combines the time-delay compensation ...

Spark Plasma Sintering of Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor Ceramics

Full densification of Molybdenum powders using Spark Plasma Sintering

Pure molybdenum powder was sintered using Spark Plasma Sintering under various temperatures, and holding times, under a pressure of 77 MPa and a heating rate at 700°C/min. After sintering, a carbide layer was observed at the surface. The carbide layer thickness, the relative density of the sample as well as the microhardness and the grain size of Mo were measured. The carbide thickness depends ...

Application of Spark Plasma Sintering for Manufacturing of Thermoelectric Materials

V-VI thermoelectric compounds like Bi2Te3-based alloys are well known for room temperature applications like Peltier coolers or thermogenerators. Their anisotropic physical properties and mechanical weakness are a problem for the manufacturing. To overcome the mechanical problem Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) was used. 2 inch Wafers of polycrystalline bismuth telluride based n-type and p-type the...

Flash (Ultra-Rapid) Spark-Plasma Sintering of Silicon Carbide

A new ultra-rapid process of flash spark plasma sintering is developed. The idea of flash spark plasma sintering (or flash hot pressing - FHP) stems from the conducted theoretical analysis of the role of thermal runaway phenomena for material processing by flash sintering. The major purpose of the present study is to theoretically analyze the thermal runaway nature of flash sintering and to exp...